Modal verbs Unit 32
Unit 32
Must and
have to
(a)
Когда мы говорим о
необходимости сделать
что-либо, то используем
must
(do)
и
have
to(do).
Часто между ними
нет разницы:
- You
must (или have
to) have a passport
to visit most foreign countries.
Однако, иногда существует разница между
must
и
have to.
С помощью
must
говорящий выражаетсобственное мнение, и говорит о том, что именно
ОН
считает необходимым:
- You
must help your
sister.
- He
must not smoke so
much.
- He
must be at home
now.
- The
book is not on the shelf. Jean must be reading it
now.
- It is
six o'clock. She must have come
home.
С помощью have to говорящий сообщает
не
собственное мнение, а
объективные факты.
Например:
- I have
a terrible toothache.
I
have to go to the
dentist.
Ей необходимо сходить к
стоматологу.Посмотрите
на
ее
щеку. |
- We
are to
meet at 5 o'clock.
Обязательство, но
оно
результат
предыдущего
соглашения. |
- I
can't meet you on Friday. I have to
work.
(b)
Must
можно использовать только в форме
настоящего
времени.
Must
нельзя использовать в будущего времени -
с помощью must
можно говорить о будущем времени.
- We
must help her in her
work.
Have to может употребляться во всех
формах.
Например:
- I
had to go to
hospital.
(past)
- She
has to rewrite her
composition.
(infinitive) - (Present simple)
- Have you ever
had to go to hospital?
(present
perfect)
Заметим, что мы используем
do/does/did
c
have to
в вопросах настоящего и
прошедшего времени, а
также в отрицательных
предложениях:
- What
do I have
to do get a driving license? (а не 'have I to
do')
- Why
did you
have to go to hospital?
(а не 'had you
to do')
(c)
Must't и don't have to имеют совершенно
разный смысл. 'You must't
do something'
означает:'Надо, чтобы Вы этого не делали':
- You
mustn't go
there.
- You
must not do such
things.
- He
mustn't leave the room
for a while.
- You
must not tell anyone
what I said.
См. также Unit
33a.
'You
don't have to do
something'
означает:
'Нет необходимости делать это;
в этом нет нужды':
- I
don't have to wear a suit to
work but I usually do.
- You
don't have to borrow this book
from the library. I'll give it to you.
(d)
Вместо
have to можно использовать have got to.
Можно
сказать:
- He
have to go right
now. или
- He has got
to go right now.
- He
have to sell his
house. или
- He has got
to sell his house.
|
MUST |
TO BE
TO |
HAVE
TO |
Past |
- - - -
- - - - - - - - - |
I was to
meet him
Was she
to....
They
weren't to |
I had to
go there
Did you
have....
He did
not have |
Present |
We must
go now
Must you
go there |
I am to
meet her
She
isn't to go...
Are they
to come |
She has
do a...
Do you
have to do
We don't
have to do |
Future |
|
- - - -
- - - - - - - - - - |
I'll
have to see him
W'll she
have to
They
won't have to |
|