Unit 32
Must and have to
(a) Когда мы говорим о необходимости сделать
что-либо, то используем must (do) и
have to(do). Часто между ними нет разницы:
- You must (или have to) have a passport to visit most foreign countries.
Однако, иногда существует разница между must
и
have to.
С помощью
must
говорящий выражаетсобственное
мнение, и говорит о том, что именно
ОН
считает необходимым:
- You must help your sister.
- He must not smoke so much.
- He must be at home now.
- The book is not on the shelf. Jean must be reading it now.
- It is six o'clock. She must have come home.
С помощью have to говорящий сообщает не
собственное мнение, а объективные факты.
Например:
- I have a terrible toothache. I have to go to the dentist. Ей необходимо сходить к стоматологу.Посмотрите на ее щеку. |
- We are to meet at 5 o'clock. Обязательство, но оно результат предыдущего соглашения. |
- I can't meet you on Friday. I have to work.
(b) Must можно использовать только в форме
настоящего времени.
Must нельзя использовать в будущего времени -
с помощью must можно говорить о будущем времени.
- We must help her in her work.
Have to может употребляться во всех формах.
Например:
- I had to go to hospital. (past)
- She has to rewrite her composition. (infinitive) - (Present simple)
- Have you ever had to go to hospital? (present perfect)
Заметим, что мы используем do/does/did c have to
в вопросах настоящего и прошедшего времени, а
также в отрицательных предложениях:
- What do I have to do get a driving license? (а не 'have I to do')
- Why did you have to go to hospital? (а не 'had you to do')
(c) Must't и don't have to имеют совершенно
разный смысл. 'You must't do something'
означает:'Надо, чтобы Вы этого не делали':
- You mustn't go there.
- You must not do such things.
- He mustn't leave the room for a while.
- You must not tell anyone what I said.
См. также Unit 33a.
'You don't have to do something' означает:
'Нет необходимости делать это; в этом нет нужды':
- I don't have to wear a suit to work but I usually do.
- You don't have to borrow this book from the library. I'll give it to you.
(d) Вместо have to можно использовать have got to.
Можно сказать:
- He have to go right now. или - He has got to go right now.
- He have to sell his house. или - He has got to sell his house.
|
MUST |
TO BE TO |
HAVE TO |
Past |
- - - - - - - - - - - - - |
I was to meet him Was she to.... They weren't to |
I had to go there Did you have.... He did not have |
Present |
We must go now Must you go there |
I am to meet her She isn't to go... Are they to come |
She has do a... Do you have to do We don't have to do |
Future |
|
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
I'll have to see him W'll she have to They won't have to |